Atherosclerosis — Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Factors Related to Late Events and Saphenous Graft Patency
Citation(s)
1 American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2005 update. Dallas, TX: AHA 2004 2. Lytle BW. Prolonging patency - choosing coronary bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2262-4 3. Motwani JG et al. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease : pathogenesis, predisposition and prevention. Circulation 1998; 97:916-31 4. Yilmaz M et al. Metabolic syndrome negatively impacts early patency of saphenous vein grafts. Coronary artery disease 2006; 17:41-4 5. Moor E et al. Haemostatic function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: perioperative perturbations and relations to saphenous vein graft closure. Thrombosis research 2000; 98:39-49 6. Podgoreanu M et al. New paradigms in cardiovascular medicine. JACC 2005; 46:1965-77 7. Stafford-Smith M et al. Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Am J Kidney Dusease 2005; 45:519-30 8. Moor E et al. Coagulation factor V (Arg506à Gln) mutation and early saphenous graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass grafting. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80:220-4 9. Yende S et al. Clinical relevance of ACE gene polymorphisms topredict risk of mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 922-27
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Factors Related to Late Events and Saphenous Graft Patency
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
