Gottlieb DJ, Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Weiss ST Skin test reactivity to common aeroallergens and decline of lung function. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):561-6.
Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Weiss ST The FEF25-75/FVC ratio is associated with methacholine airway responsiveness. The normative aging study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 May;159(5 Pt 1):1574-9.
O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Segal M, Weiss ST Risk factors for ventilatory impairment among middle-aged and elderly men. The Normative Aging Study. Chest. 1993 Feb;103(2):376-82.
O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Segal MR, Weiss ST Smoking, atopy, and methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and elderly men. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Dec;140(6):1520-6.
O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST A prospective longitudinal study of methacholine airway responsiveness as a predictor of pulmonary-function decline: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul;152(1):87-92.
O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST Normal range of methacholine responsiveness in relation to prechallenge pulmonary function. The Normative Aging Study. Chest. 1994 Mar;105(3):661-6.
O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST The role of allergy and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jul;140(1):225-52. Review.
Parker DR, O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Segal MR, Weiss ST The relationship of nonspecific airway responsiveness and atopy to the rate of decline of lung function. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Mar;141(3):589-94.
Schwartz J, Weiss ST Caffeine intake and asthma symptoms. Ann Epidemiol. 1992 Sep;2(5):627-35.
Schwartz J, Weiss ST Host and environmental factors influencing the peripheral blood leukocyte count. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Dec 15;134(12):1402-9.
Schwartz J, Weiss ST Peripheral blood leukocyte count and respiratory symptoms. Ann Epidemiol. 1993 Jan;3(1):57-63.
Sparrow D, O'Connor G, Weiss ST The relation of airways responsiveness and atopy to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;10:29-47. Review.
Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, DeMolles D, Weiss ST A longitudinal study of plasma cortisol concentration and pulmonary function decline in men. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jun;147(6 Pt 1):1345-8.
Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, Segal MR, Weiss ST The influence of age and level of pulmonary function on nonspecific airway responsiveness. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 May;143(5 Pt 1):978-82.
Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, Weiss ST Methacholine airway responsiveness and 24-hour urine excretion of sodium and potassium. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Sep;144(3 Pt 1):722-5.
Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, Weiss ST Predictors of longitudinal change in methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and older men: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):376-81.
Tollerud DJ, O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST Asthma, hay fever, and phlegm production associated with distinct patterns of allergy skin test reactivity, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Oct;144(4):776-81.
Weintraub JM, Sparrow D, Weiss ST Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis of cutaneous skin test reactions to predict hay fever and asthma symptoms in the Normative Aging Study. Allergy. 2001 Mar;56(3):243-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.