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Abney M, McPeek MS, Ober C Estimation of variance components of quantitative traits in inbred populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2):629-50.
Bleecker ER, Postma DS, Meyers DA Genetic susceptibility to asthma in a changing environment. Ciba Found Symp. 1997;206:90-9; discussion 99-105, 106-10. Review.
Blumenthal MM What we know about the genetics of asthma at the beginning of the 21st century. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2002 Feb;22(1):11-31. Review.
Blumenthal MN, Rich SS, King R, Weber J Approaches and issues in defining asthma and associated phenotypes map to chromosome susceptibility areas in large Minnesota families. The Collaborative Study for the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Clin Exp Allergy. 1998 Apr;28 Suppl 1:51-5; discussion 65-6.
Donfack J, Kogut P, Forsythe S, Solway J, Ober C Sequence variation in the promoter region of the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 gene and asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Mar;111(3):527-32.
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Wu X, Di Rienzo A, Ober C A population genetics study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4RA) gene. Genes Immun. 2001 May;2(3):128-34.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.