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Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Quan SF Risk factors in a general population for snoring. Importance of cigarette smoking and obesity. Chest. 1988 Apr;93(4):678-83.
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Halonen M, Barbee RA, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B An epidemiologic study of interrelationships of total serum immunoglobulin E, allergy skin-test reactivity, and eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982 Feb;69(2):221-8.
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Holberg CJ, O'Rourke MK, Lebowitz MD Multivariate analysis of ambient environmental factors and respiratory effects. Int J Epidemiol. 1987 Sep;16(3):399-410.
Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Taussig LM Child day care, smoking by caregivers, and lower respiratory tract illness in the first 3 years of life. Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatrics. 1993 May;91(5):885-92.
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Knudson RJ, Bloom JW, Knudson DE, Kaltenborn WT Subclinical effects of smoking. Physiologic comparison of healthy middle-aged smokers and nonsmokers and interrelationships of lung function measurements. Chest. 1984 Jul;86(1):20-9.
Knudson RJ, Burrows B, Lebowitz MD The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve: its use in the detection of ventilatory abnormalities in a population study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Nov;114(5):871-9.
Knudson RJ, Burrows B Early detection of obstructive lung diseases. Med Clin North Am. 1973 May;57(3):681-90. Review.
Knudson RJ, Kaltenborn WT, Burrows B The effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung in asymptomatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Sep;140(3):645-51.
Knudson RJ, Kaltenborn WT, Knudson DE, Burrows B The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Reference equations derived from a healthy nonsmoking population and effects of hematocrit. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):805-11.
Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD Maximal mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75%): normal limits and assessment of sensitivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Mar;117(3):609-10.
Knudson RJ, Lebowiz MD Comparison of flow-volume and closing volume variables in a random population. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Dec;116(6):1039-45.
Knudson RJ, Slatin RC, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. Normal standards, variability, and effects of age. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 May;113(5):587-600.
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Krzyzanowski M, Lebowitz MD Changes in chronic respiratory symptoms in two populations of adults studied longitudinally over 13 years. Eur Respir J. 1992 Jan;5(1):12-20.
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Lebowitz MD, Burrows B Comparison of questionnaires: the BMRC and NHLI respiratory questionnaires and a new self-completion questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 May;113(5):627-35.
Lebowitz MD, Burrows B Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and chronic productive cough. Int J Epidemiol. 1977 Jun;6(2):107-13.
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Lebowitz MD, Burrows B Tucson epidemiologic study of obstructive lung diseases. II: Effects of in-migration factors on the prevalence of obstructive lung diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 Aug;102(2):153-63.
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Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Boyer B, Hayes C Respiratory symptoms and peak flow associated with indoor and outdoor air pollutants in the southwest. J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1985 Nov;35(11):1154-8.
Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Knudson RJ, Burrows B Longitudinal study of pulmonary function development in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Development of pulmonary function. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Jul;136(1):69-75.
Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD A longitudinal study of risk factors in asthma and chronic bronchitis in childhood. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990 Dec;6(4):341-7.
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Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Burrows B Tucson epidemiologic study of obstructive lung diseases. I: Methodology and prevalence of disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 Aug;102(2):137-52.
Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Morse JO, Armet D Closing volume and flow volume abnormalities in alpha(1)-antitrypsin phenotype groups in a community population. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Jan;117(1):179-81.
Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Robertson G, Burrows B Significance of intraindividual changes in maximum expiratory flow volume and peak expiratory flow measurements. Chest. 1982 May;81(5):566-70.
Lebowitz MD, Postma DS, Burrows B Adverse effects of eosinophilia and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis. Chest. 1995 Jul;108(1):55-61.
Lebowitz MD, Sherrill DL, Kaltenborn W, Burrows B Peak expiratory flow from maximum expiratory flow volume curves in a community population: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1997 Feb;24:29S-38S.
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Lebowitz MD Occupational exposures in relation to symptomatology and lung function in a community population. Environ Res. 1977 Aug;14(1):59-67.
Lebowitz MD Respiratory indicators. Environ Res. 1981 Jun;25(1):225-35.
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Lebowitz MD The effects of pressurized aerosols on respiratory symptoms and physiology. Sci Total Environ. 1983 Jul;29(1-2):19-27.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.