Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee — Postoperative Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty With 2ug/ml Fentanyl Combine With 0.2% Ropivacaine or 0.2% Levobupivcaine
Citation(s)
Reference 1 Block et al. Efficiancy of postoperative epidural analgesia: A meta-analysis. JAMA 290: 2455-63 2. Werawatganon T. Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery. The Cochrane Databas of systemic reviews. Issue 3 Art. No.: No.: CD 004044. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD004088.pub2. 3. Liu SS et al. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: propective experience with 1,030 surgical patients Anesthesiology 88: 388-95 4. Silvasti M et al. Patient-controlled analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42: 576 - 80 5. Stand T et al. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia reduces analgesic requirements compared to continuous epidural infusion after major abdominal surgery. Can J Anaesth 50:258-64 6. Linda S. et al. Relative Analgesic Potencies of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine for Epidural Analgesia in Labor. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:1354-8 7. Marc Senard et al. Epidural Levobupivacaine 0.1% or Ropivacaine 0.1% Combined with Morphine Provides Comparable Analgesia After Abdominal Surgery Anesth Analg 2004;98:389-94 8. Kelly AM The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain.Emerg Med J 2001; 18:205-07 9. Mark MSM et al. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score in a local emergency setting. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 2009; 16(4): 234-6 10. Kelly AM. Does the clinically significant difference in visual analog scale pain scores vary with gender, age, or cause of pain? Acad Emerg Med. 1998 Nov; 5(11): 1086-90.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
