Bhangu A, Søreide K, Di Saverio S, Assarsson JH, Drake FT Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2015 Sep 26;386(10000):1278-1287. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00275-5. Review. Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Oct 14;390(10104):1736.
Carr NJ The pathology of acute appendicitis. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2000 Feb;4(1):46-58. Review.
Dzabic M, Boström L, Rahbar A High prevalence of an active cytomegalovirus infection in the appendix of immunocompetent patients with acute appendicitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Feb;14(2):236-41.
Hsu YJ, Fu YW, Chin T Seasonal variations in the occurrence of acute appendicitis and their relationship with the presence of fecaliths in children. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Nov 16;19(1):443. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1824-9.
Kleif J, Thygesen LC, Gögenur I Validity of the diagnosis of appendicitis in the Danish National Patient Register. Scand J Public Health. 2020 Feb;48(1):38-42. doi: 10.1177/1403494818761765. Epub 2018 Mar 19.
Lamps LW Infectious causes of appendicitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;24(4):995-1018, ix-x. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.07.012. Review.
Lynge E, Sandegaard JL, Rebolj M The Danish National Patient Register. Scand J Public Health. 2011 Jul;39(7 Suppl):30-3. doi: 10.1177/1403494811401482.
Pedersen CB The Danish Civil Registration System. Scand J Public Health. 2011 Jul;39(7 Suppl):22-5. doi: 10.1177/1403494810387965.
Reinisch A, Heil J, Woeste G, Bechstein W, Liese J The meteorological influence on seasonal alterations in the course of acute appendicitis. J Surg Res. 2017 Sep;217:137-143. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.015. Epub 2017 May 10.
Stein GY, Rath-Wolfson L, Zeidman A, Atar E, Marcus O, Joubran S, Ram E Sex differences in the epidemiology, seasonal variation, and trends in the management of patients with acute appendicitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012 Oct;397(7):1087-92. doi: 10.1007/s00423-012-0958-0. Epub 2012 Jun 2.
Wei PL, Chen CS, Keller JJ, Lin HC Monthly variation in acute appendicitis incidence: a 10-year nationwide population-based study. J Surg Res. 2012 Dec;178(2):670-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.034. Epub 2012 Jul 6.
Change in the Incidence of Appendicitis in a Controlled Environment During the National Lockdown Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
