Apical Periodontitis — Factors Affecting the Endodontic Treatment Outcome
Citation(s)
European Society of Endodontology Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006 Dec;39(12):921-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01180.x.
Friedman S, Abitbol S, Lawrence HP Treatment outcome in endodontics: the Toronto Study. Phase 1: initial treatment. J Endod. 2003 Dec;29(12):787-93. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200312000-00001.
Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment: part 1: periapical health. Int Endod J. 2011 Jul;44(7):583-609. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01872.x. Epub 2011 Mar 2.
Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success. Int Endod J. 2007 Dec;40(12):921-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01322.x. Epub 2007 Oct 10.
Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature -- Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int Endod J. 2008 Jan;41(1):6-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01323.x. Epub 2007 Oct 10.
Ricucci D, Russo J, Rutberg M, Burleson JA, Spangberg LS A prospective cohort study of endodontic treatments of 1,369 root canals: results after 5 years. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Dec;112(6):825-42. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.08.003.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
