Capoulade R, Cariou B Editorial commentary: Lp(a) and calcific aortic valve stenosis: Direct LPA targeting or PCSK9-Lowering therapy? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Jul;31(5):312-314. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.06.009. Epub 2020 Jul 2. No abstract available.
Chan KL, Teo K, Dumesnil JG, Ni A, Tam J; ASTRONOMER Investigators Effect of Lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the aortic stenosis progression observation: measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Circulation. 2010 Jan 19;121(2):306-14. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.900027. Epub 2010 Jan 4.
Weiss RM, Ohashi M, Miller JD, Young SG, Heistad DD Calcific aortic valve stenosis in old hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation. 2006 Nov 7;114(19):2065-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634139. Epub 2006 Oct 30.
A Randomized Trial of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.