Anxiety — The Effect of Virtual Reality on Preoperative Anxiety Before Abdominal Surgery
Citation(s)
Hendricks TM, Gutierrez CN, Stulak JM, Dearani JA, Miller JD The Use of Virtual Reality to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety in First-Time Sternotomy Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Jun;95(6):1148-1157. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.032.
Jlala HA, French JL, Foxall GL, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM Effect of preoperative multimedia information on perioperative anxiety in patients undergoing procedures under regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Mar;104(3):369-74. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeq002. Epub 2010 Feb 1.
Lin LY, Wang RH Abdominal surgery, pain and anxiety: preoperative nursing intervention. J Adv Nurs. 2005 Aug;51(3):252-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03502.x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
