Anxiety — Does Anxiety in Children on the Day of Surgery Impact Compliance in the Ophthalmology Clinic?
Citation(s)
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA Preoperative psychological preparation of the child for surgery: an update. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2005 Dec;23(4):597-614, vii. Review.
Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, Caramico LA, Hofstadter MB Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology. 1998 Nov;89(5):1147-56; discussion 9A-10A.
Kim JE, Jo BY, Oh HM, Choi HS, Lee Y High anxiety, young age and long waits increase the need for preoperative sedatives in children. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(4):1381-9.
Varughese AM, Nick TG, Gunter J, Wang Y, Kurth CD Factors predictive of poor behavioral compliance during inhaled induction in children. Anesth Analg. 2008 Aug;107(2):413-21. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31817e616b.
Wright KD, Stewart SH, Finley GA When are parents helpful? A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of parental presence for pediatric anesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 2010 Aug;57(8):751-8. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9333-1. Epub 2010 May 25.
Does Anxiety in Children on the Day of Surgery Impact Compliance in the Ophthalmology Clinic?
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
