Anxiety — Visual Guidelines and Tutoring in Pediatric Urological Surgery
Citation(s)
Moix J, Bassets J, Caelles RM [Effectiveness of audiovisual materials as a preparation for surgery in pediatric patients]. Cir Pediatr. 1998 Jan;11(1):25-9. Spanish.
Nelson CP, Rosoklija I, Grant R, Retik AB Development and implementation of a photographic atlas for parental instruction and guidance after outpatient penile surgery. J Pediatr Urol. 2012 Oct;8(5):521-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.09.012. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
Ono S, Oikawa I, Hirabayashi Y, Manabe Y Preparation of a picture book to support parents and autonomy in preschool children facing day surgery. Pediatr Nurs. 2008 Jan-Feb;34(1):82-3, 88.
Visual Guidelines and Tutoring in Pediatric Urological Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
