Anterior Shoulder Dislocation — Immobilization in External Rotation of Acute Shoulder Dislocations
Citation(s)
Arciero RA, DeBernadino TM Acute and chronic dislocations of the shoulder. In Norris TR (ed), Orthopaedic Knowledge update: Shoulder and Elbow. Rosemont Il, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1997, pp 69-71.
Arciero RA, Wheeler JH, Ryan JB, McBride JT Arthroscopic Bankart repair versus nonoperative treatment for acute, initial anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Sep-Oct;22(5):589-94.
Aronen JG, Regan K Decreasing the incidence of recurrence of first time anterior shoulder dislocations with rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 1984 Jul-Aug;12(4):283-91.
Constant CR, Murley AH A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987 Jan;(214):160-4.
DeBerardino TM, Arciero RA, Taylor DC, Uhorchak JM Prospective evaluation of arthroscopic stabilization of acute, initial anterior shoulder dislocations in young athletes. Two- to five-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5):586-92.
Eriksson E Should first-time traumatic shoulder dislocations undergo an acute stabilization procedure? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003 Mar;11(2):61-2.
Henry JH, Genung JA Natural history of glenohumeral dislocation--revisited. Am J Sports Med. 1982 May-Jun;10(3):135-7.
Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996 Jun;29(6):602-8. Erratum in: Am J Ind Med 1996 Sep;30(3):372.
Kazár B, Relovszky E Prognosis of primary dislocation of the shoulder. Acta Orthop Scand. 1969;40(2):216-24.
Kirkley A, Griffin S, McLintock H, Ng L The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality of life measurement tool for shoulder instability. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). Am J Sports Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;26(6):764-72.
Kirkley A, Griffin S, Richards C, Miniaci A, Mohtadi N Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of immediate arthroscopic stabilization versus immobilization and rehabilitation in first traumatic anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 1999 Jul-Aug;15(5):507-14.
Kirkley A, Werstine R, Ratjek A, Griffin S Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of immediate arthroscopic stabilization versus immobilization and rehabilitation in first traumatic anterior dislocations of the shoulder: long-term evaluation. Arthroscopy. 2005 Jan;21(1):55-63.
McLaughlin HL, MacLellan DI Recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. II. A comparative study. J Trauma. 1967 Mar;7(2):191-201.
Michener LA, McClure PW, Sennett BJ American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, patient self-report section: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002 Nov-Dec;11(6):587-94.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.