Anoxia — Cerebral Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Monitoring Throughout Caesarean Deliveries
Citation(s)
Boas DA, Dale AM, Franceschini MA Diffuse optical imaging of brain activation: approaches to optimizing image sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy. Neuroimage. 2004;23 Suppl 1:S275-88. Review.
Calderon-Arnulphi M, Alaraj A, Slavin KV Near infrared technology in neuroscience: past, present and future. Neurol Res. 2009 Jul;31(6):605-14. doi: 10.1179/174313209X383286. Review.
Fischer GW Recent advances in application of cerebral oximetry in adult cardiovascular surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008 Mar;12(1):60-9. doi: 10.1177/1089253208316443. Epub 2008 Apr 7. Review.
Ghosh A, Elwell C, Smith M Review article: cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in adults: a work in progress. Anesth Analg. 2012 Dec;115(6):1373-83. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31826dd6a6. Epub 2012 Nov 9. Review.
Kenosi M, Naulaers G, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM Current research suggests that the future looks brighter for cerebral oxygenation monitoring in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2015 Mar;104(3):225-31. doi: 10.1111/apa.12906. Epub 2015 Jan 29. Review.
Moritz S, Kasprzak P, Arlt M, Taeger K, Metz C Accuracy of cerebral monitoring in detecting cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy: a comparison of transcranial Doppler sonography, near-infrared spectroscopy, stump pressure, and somatosensory evoked potentials. Anesthesiology. 2007 Oct;107(4):563-9.
Murkin JM, Arango M Near-infrared spectroscopy as an index of brain and tissue oxygenation. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Dec;103 Suppl 1:i3-13. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep299. Review.
Yamamoto K, Miyata T, Nagawa H Good correlation between cerebral oxygenation measured using near infrared spectroscopy and stump pressure during carotid clamping. Int Angiol. 2007 Sep;26(3):262-5.
Cerebral Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Monitoring Throughout Caesarean Deliveries
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.