Ankle Injuries — Lateral Ankle Sprain and Platelet Rich Plasma
Citation(s)
Anderson RB, Hunt KJ, McCormick JJ Management of common sports-related injuries about the foot and ankle. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010 Sep;18(9):546-56. Review.
Frei R, Biosca FE, Handl M, Trc T [Conservative treatment using plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) for injury to the ligamentous complex of the ankle]. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2008 Feb;75(1):28-33. Czech.
Hall MP, Band PA, Meislin RJ, Jazrawi LM, Cardone DA Platelet-rich plasma: current concepts and application in sports medicine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 Oct;17(10):602-8. Review. Erratum in: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010 Jan;18(1):17A.
Halpern BC, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing. HSS J. 2012 Jul;8(2):137-45. doi: 10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7. Epub 2012 Jan 18.
Hammond JW, Hinton RY, Curl LA, Muriel JM, Lovering RM Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma to treat muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Jun;37(6):1135-42. doi: 10.1177/0363546508330974. Epub 2009 Mar 12.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
