Chang HC, Tay SC, Chan BK, Low CO Conservative treatment of redisplaced Colles' fractures in elderly patients older than 60 years old - anatomical and functional outcome. Hand Surg. 2001 Dec;6(2):137-44.
Chen YC, Lin WC Risk of long-term infection-related death in clinical osteoporotic vertebral fractures: A hospital-based analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 9;12(8):e0182614. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182614. eCollection 2017.
Handoll HH, Keding A, Corbacho B, Brealey SD, Hewitt C, Rangan A Five-year follow-up results of the PROFHER trial comparing operative and non-operative treatment of adults with a displaced fracture of the proximal humerus. Bone Joint J. 2017 Mar;99-B(3):383-392. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.99B3.BJJ-2016-1028.
Hertel R, Hempfing A, Stiehler M, Leunig M Predictors of humeral head ischemia after intracapsular fracture of the proximal humerus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004 Jul-Aug;13(4):427-33.
Martin AG Weber B ankle fracture: an unnecessary fracture clinic burden. Injury. 2004 Aug;35(8):805-8.
Mi B, Xiong Y, Lin Z, Panayi AC, Chen L, Liu G COVID-19 Orthopaedic Safe Care Toolset: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Fracture and COVID-19. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Jul 1;102(13):1116-1122. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00532.
Murray IR, Amin AK, White TO, Robinson CM Proximal humeral fractures: current concepts in classification, treatment and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jan;93(1):1-11. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.93B1.25702. Review.
Young BT, Rayan GM Outcome following nonoperative treatment of displaced distal radius fractures in low-demand patients older than 60 years. J Hand Surg Am. 2000 Jan;25(1):19-28.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.