Ankle Fracture — Manual Therapy After Ankle/Hindfoot Fractures
Citation(s)
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Chuang LL, Wu CY, Lin KC Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of myotonometric measurement of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Mar;93(3):532-40. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.09.014. Epub 2012 Ja
Hertel J, Braham RA, Hale SA, Olmsted-Kramer LC Simplifying the star excursion balance test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006 Mar;36(3):131-7.
McPoil TG, Vicenzino B, Cornwall MW, Collins N, Warren M Reliability and normative values for the foot mobility magnitude: a composite measure of vertical and medial-lateral mobility of the midfoot. J Foot Ankle Res. 2009 Mar 6;2:6. doi: 10.1186/1757-114
Simondson D, Brock K, Cotton S Reliability and smallest real difference of the ankle lunge test post ankle fracture. Man Ther. 2012 Feb;17(1):34-8. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2011.08.004. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
van Tetering EA, Buckley RE Functional outcome (SF-36) of patients with displaced calcaneal fractures compared to SF-36 normative data. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 Oct;25(10):733-8.
Immediate Effects of Manual Therapy for Patients After Ankle/Hindfoot Fractures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
