Anesthesia — Preventing Hypotension in the Spine During Cesarean Delivery.
Citation(s)
Fitzgerald JP, Fedoruk KA, Jadin SM, Carvalho B, Halpern SH Prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Anaesthesia. 2020 Jan;75(1):109-121. doi: 10.1111/anae.14841. Epub 2019 Sep 18.
Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E Hemodynamics of Phenylephrine Infusion Versus Lower Extremity Compression During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Anesth Analg. 2016 Apr;122(4):1120-9. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001174.
Lee JE, George RB, Habib AS Spinal-induced hypotension: Incidence, mechanisms, prophylaxis, and management: Summarizing 20 years of research. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2017 Mar;31(1):57-68. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.01.001. Epub 2017 Jan 8.
Macarthur A, Riley ET Obstetric anesthesia controversies: vasopressor choice for postspinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Winter;45(1):115-32. doi: 10.1097/AIA.0b013e31802b8d53. No abstract available.
Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2015 Apr;122(4):736-45. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000601.
Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Khaw KS Prophylactic Norepinephrine Infusion for Preventing Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1989-1994. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002243. Erratum In: Anesth Analg. 2019 Apr;128(4):e60.
Sakata K, Yoshimura N, Tanabe K, Kito K, Nagase K, Iida H Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section by altered heart rate variability induced by postural change. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017 Feb;29:34-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2016.09.004. Epub 2016 Sep 22.
Preventing Spinal Hypotension During Cesarean Birth With Two Initial Boluses of Norepinephrine
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
