Anesthesia — General Anesthesia or Combined Spinal-epidural Anesthesia With Ketofol Sedation in Colon Cancer Surgery?
Citation(s)
Cummings KC III, Zimmerman NM, Maheshwari K, Cooper GS, Cummings LC Epidural compared with non-epidural analgesia and cardiopulmonary complications after colectomy: A retrospective cohort study of 20,880 patients using a national quality database. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Jun;47:12-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.03.005. Epub 2018 Mar 12.
Ljungqvist O, Hubner M Enhanced recovery after surgery-ERAS-principles, practice and feasibility in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018 Mar;30(3):249-252. doi: 10.1007/s40520-018-0905-1. Epub 2018 Feb 16. Review.
Wu HL, Tai YH, Mandell MS, Tsou MY, Yang SH, Chen TH, Chang KY Effect of epidural analgesia on cancer prognosis after colon cancer resection: a single-centre cohort study in Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2020 Oct 22;10(10):e036577. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036577.
General Anesthesia or Combined Spinal-epidural Anesthesia With Ketofol Sedation in Colon Cancer Surgery?
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
