Davidson AJ Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: the clinical relevance. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011 Jul;21(7):716-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
Hirota K Special cases: ketamine, nitrous oxide and xenon. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006 Mar;20(1):69-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.08.014.
Kotsovolis G, Komninos G Awareness during anesthesia: how sure can we be that the patient is sleeping indeed? Hippokratia. 2009 Apr;13(2):83-9.
Lee, M H., Fazli, S., Mehnert, J., & Lee, S. W. (2015). Subject-dependent classification for robust idle state detection using multi-modal neuroimaging and data-fusion techniques in BCI. Pattern Recognition, 48(8), 2725-2737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2015.03.010
Levitt DG, Schnider TW Human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for propofol. BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Apr 22;5(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-5-4.
Saadeh W, Khan FH, Altaf MAB Design and Implementation of a Machine Learning Based EEG Processor for Accurate Estimation of Depth of Anesthesia. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2019 Aug;13(4):658-669. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2921875. Epub 2019 Jun 10.
Yeom SK, Won DO, Chi SI, Seo KS, Kim HJ, Muller KR, Lee SW Spatio-temporal dynamics of multimodal EEG-fNIRS signals in the loss and recovery of consciousness under sedation using midazolam and propofol. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 9;12(11):e0187743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187743. eCollection 2017.
Zimeo Morais GA, Balardin JB, Sato JR fNIRS Optodes' Location Decider (fOLD): a toolbox for probe arrangement guided by brain regions-of-interest. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 20;8(1):3341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21716-z.
Detection and Classification of Levels of Consciousness Using Parietal EEG-fNIRS During Anesthesia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
