Anesthesia — Supervision Models in Training Environments
Citation(s)
de Oliveira Filho GR, Dal Mago AJ, Garcia JH, Goldschmidt R An instrument designed for faculty supervision evaluation by anesthesia residents and its psychometric properties. Anesth Analg. 2008 Oct;107(4):1316-22. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318182fbdd.
De Oliveira GS Jr, Dexter F, Bialek JM, McCarthy RJ Reliability and validity of assessing subspecialty level of faculty anesthesiologists' supervision of anesthesiology residents. Anesth Analg. 2015 Jan;120(1):209-213. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000453.
De Oliveira GS Jr, Rahmani R, Fitzgerald PC, Chang R, McCarthy RJ The association between frequency of self-reported medical errors and anesthesia trainee supervision: a survey of United States anesthesiology residents-in-training. Anesth Analg. 2013 Apr;116(4):892-7. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318277dd65. Epub 2013 Feb 5.
Riveros Perez E, Jimenez E, Yang N, Rocuts A Evaluation of Anesthesiology Residents' Supervision Skills: A Tool to Assess Transition Towards Independent Practice. Cureus. 2019 Feb 26;11(2):e4137. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4137.
Assessing the Quality and Effectiveness of Two Common Supervision Models in Training Environments Using a Validated Supervision Instrument
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
