Anesthesia — AR for Pediatric Central Venous Catheterization
Citation(s)
Alderson PJ, Burrows FA, Stemp LI, Holtby HM Use of ultrasound to evaluate internal jugular vein anatomy and to facilitate central venous cannulation in paediatric patients. Br J Anaesth. 1993 Feb;70(2):145-8.
Bruzoni M, Slater BJ, Wall J, St Peter SD, Dutta S A prospective randomized trial of ultrasound- vs landmark-guided central venous access in the pediatric population. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 May;216(5):939-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.01.054. Epub 2013 Mar 7.
de Souza TH, Brandão MB, Nadal JAH, Nogueira RJN Ultrasound Guidance for Pediatric Central Venous Catheterization: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018 Nov;142(5). pii: e20181719. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1719.
Lau CS, Chamberlain RS Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement increases success rates in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Res. 2016 Aug;80(2):178-84. doi: 10.1038/pr.2016.74. Epub 2016 Apr 8. Review.
Rochlen LR, Levine R, Tait AR First-Person Point-of-View-Augmented Reality for Central Line Insertion Training: A Usability and Feasibility Study. Simul Healthc. 2017 Feb;12(1):57-62. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000185.
Song IK, Kim EH, Lee JH, Jang YE, Kim HS, Kim JT Seldinger vs modified Seldinger techniques for ultrasound-guided central venous catheterisation in neonates: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Dec;121(6):1332-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.08.008. Epub 2018 Sep 7.
Song IK, Lee JH, Kang JE, Oh HW, Kim HS, Park HP, Kim JT Comparison of central venous catheterization techniques in pediatric patients: needle vs angiocath. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015 Nov;25(11):1120-6. doi: 10.1111/pan.12726. Epub 2015 Aug 6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
