Anesthesia — Evaluation of Cognitive Functions by Cerebral Pulse Oximetry
Citation(s)
Guo JY, Fang JY, Xu SR, Wei M, Huang WQ Effects of propofol versus sevoflurane on cerebral oxygenation and cognitive outcome in patients with impaired cerebral oxygenation. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 Jan 18;12:81-5. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S97066. eCollection 2016.
Jo YY, Kim JY, Lee MG, Lee SG, Kwak HJ Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation and early postoperative cognitive function after laparoscopic gastrectomy: a comparison with conventional open surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016 Feb;69(1):44-50. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.1.44. Epub 2016 Jan 28.
Kok WF, van Harten AE, Koene BM, Mariani MA, Koerts J, Tucha O, Absalom AR, Scheeren TW A pilot study of cerebral tissue oxygenation and postoperative cognitive dysfunction among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting randomised to surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass*. Anaesthesia. 2014 Jun;69(6):613-22. doi: 10.1111/anae.12634. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Evaluation of Cognitive Functions by Cerebral Pulse Oximetry After General Anesthesia and Spinal Anesthesia in Geriatric Patients With Orthopedic Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
