Anesthesia — Treatment Prior to Injection and Biopsy of the Vulva
Citation(s)
Bhadauria US, Dasar PL, Sandesh N, Mishra P, Godha S Effect of injection site pre-cooling on pain perception in patients attending a dental camp at Life Line Express: a split mouth interventional study. Clujul Med. 2017;90(2):220-225. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-694. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
Chan HH, Lam LK, Wong DS, Wei WI Role of skin cooling in improving patient tolerability of Q-switched Alexandrite (QS Alex) laser in nevus of Ota treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;32(2):148-51.
Dixit S, Lowe P, Fischer G, Lim A Ice anaesthesia in procedural dermatology. Australas J Dermatol. 2013 Nov;54(4):273-6. doi: 10.1111/ajd.12057. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
Ghaderi F, Banakar S, Rostami S Effect of pre-cooling injection site on pain perception in pediatric dentistry: "A randomized clinical trial". Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2013 Nov;10(6):790-4.
Kuwahara RT, Skinner RB Emla versus ice as a topical anesthetic. Dermatol Surg. 2001 May;27(5):495-6.
Lathwal G, Pandit IK, Gugnani N, Gupta M Efficacy of Different Precooling Agents and Topical Anesthetics on the Pain Perception during Intraoral Injection: A Comparative Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015 May-Aug;8(2):119-22. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1296. Epub 2015 Aug 11. Review.
Leff DR, Nortley M, Dang V, Bhutiani RP The effect of local cooling on pain perception during infiltration of local anaesthetic agents, a prospective randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2007 Jul;62(7):677-82.
Lindsell LB, Miller DM, Brown JL Use of topical ice for local anesthesia for intravitreal injections. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014 Aug;132(8):1010-1. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1397.
Treatment Prior to Injection and Biopsy of the Vulva
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
