Anesthesia, Local — The Use of Electrical Stimulation for Determination of Epidural Catheter Placement
Citation(s)
Charghi R, Chan SY, Kardash KJ, Finlayson RJ, Tran DQ Electrical stimulation of the epidural space using a catheter with a removable stylet. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;32(2):152-6. doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2006.10.006.
Kim YS, Kim HS, Jeong H, Lee CH, Lee MK, Choi SS Efficacy of electrical stimulation on epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020 Jun 10;20(1):146. doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-01063-1.
Kwofie MK, Launcelott G, Tsui BCH Determination of thoracic epidural catheter placement: electrical epidural stimulation (Tsui test) is simple, effective, and under-utilized. Can J Anaesth. 2019 Apr;66(4):360-364. doi: 10.1007/s12630-019-01302-1. Epub 2019 Jan 23. No abstract available.
The Use of Electrical Stimulation for Determination of Epidural Catheter Placement
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
