Anesthesia, Local — Bacteriostatic Saline as a Local Anesthetic in Minor Eyelid Procedures
Citation(s)
Hunt SV, Malhotra R Bacteriostatic preserved saline for pain-free periocular injections: review. Eye (Lond). 2022 Aug;36(8):1546-1552. doi: 10.1038/s41433-021-01925-z. Epub 2022 Jan 11.
Kruse RC, Kindle BJ, Wisniewski S, Presley J, Smith J, Sellon JL Local Anesthesia Prior to Ultrasound-Guided Hip Joint Injections: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Bacteriostatic Saline versus Buffered Lidocaine. PM R. 2021 Aug;13(8):811-818. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12489. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
Kwiat DM, Bersani TA, Bersani A Increased patient comfort utilizing botulinum toxin type a reconstituted with preserved versus nonpreserved saline. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 May;20(3):186-9. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000129012.09632.49.
Lugo-Janer G, Padial M, Sanchez JL Less painful alternatives for local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1993 Mar;19(3):237-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00342.x.
Miller L, Jensen MP, Stenchever MA A double-blind randomized comparison of lidocaine and saline for cervical anesthesia. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Apr;87(4):600-4. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00463-7.
Minogue SC, Sun DA Bacteriostatic saline containing benzyl alcohol decreases the pain associated with the injection of propofol. Anesth Analg. 2005 Mar;100(3):683-686. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000148617.98716.EB.
Wilson L, Martin S Benzyl alcohol as an alternative local anesthetic. Ann Emerg Med. 1999 May;33(5):495-9. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70335-5.
Yuen VH, Dolman PJ Comparison of three modified lidocaine solutions for use in eyelid anesthesia. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Mar;15(2):143-7. doi: 10.1097/00002341-199903000-00017.
Bacteriostatic Saline as a Local Anesthetic in Minor Eyelid Procedures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
