Anesthesia, Local — Erector Spinae Plane Versus Interscalene Blocks for Shoulder Surgery
Citation(s)
Forero M, Rajarathinam M, Adhikary SD, Chin KJ Erector spinae plane block for the management of chronic shoulder pain: a case report. Can J Anaesth. 2018 Mar;65(3):288-293. doi: 10.1007/s12630-017-1010-1. Epub 2017 Nov 13.
Riazi S, Carmichael N, Awad I, Holtby RM, McCartney CJ Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 ml) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Oct;101(4):549-56. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen229. Epub 2008 Aug 4.
Tsui BCH, Fonseca A, Munshey F, McFadyen G, Caruso TJ The erector spinae plane (ESP) block: A pooled review of 242 cases. J Clin Anesth. 2019 Mar;53:29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.09.036. Epub 2018 Oct 3. Review.
Tsui BCH, Mohler D, Caruso TJ, Horn JL Cervical erector spinae plane block catheter using a thoracic approach: an alternative to brachial plexus blockade for forequarter amputation. Can J Anaesth. 2019 Jan;66(1):119-120. doi: 10.1007/s12630-018-1170-7. Epub 2018 Jun 4.
Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography. Anesth Analg. 1991 Apr;72(4):498-503.
Erector Spinae Plane Versus Interscalene Blocks for Shoulder Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
