Anesthesia, Local — Protective Nerve Stimulation in Regional Anesthesia
Citation(s)
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Dexter F, Candiotti KA Multicenter assessment of the Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale, an instrument that measures patient satisfaction with monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg. 2011 Aug;113(2):364-8. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318217f804. Epub 2011 Apr 25.
Dillane D, Tsui BC Is there still a place for the use of nerve stimulation? Paediatr Anaesth. 2012 Jan;22(1):102-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03729.x. Epub 2011 Nov 4. Review.
Klaastad O, Sauter AR, Dodgson MS Brachial plexus block with or without ultrasound guidance. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009 Oct;22(5):655-60. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32832eb7d3. Review.
Salem MH, Winckelmann J, Geiger P, Mehrkens HH, Salem KH Electrostimulation with or without ultrasound-guidance in interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery. J Anesth. 2012 Aug;26(4):610-3. doi: 10.1007/s00540-012-1366-x. Epub 2012 Mar 4.
Sen O, Sayilgan NC, Tutuncu AC, Bakan M, Koksal GM, Oz H Evaluation of sciatic nerve damage following intraneural injection of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and lidocaine in rats. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016 May-Jun;66(3):272-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.09.012. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
