Anesthesia, General — The Effect of Blood Pressure on Cerebral Blood Flow During Propofol Anesthesia
Citation(s)
Choi WS, Samman N Risks and benefits of deliberate hypotension in anaesthesia: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug;37(8):687-703. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.03.011. Epub 2008 Jun 3. Review.
Evans DH On the measurement of the mean velocity of blood flow over the cardiac cycle using Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985 Sep-Oct;11(5):735-41.
Greenfield JC Jr, Tindall GT Effect of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and angiotensin on blood flow in the internal carotid artery of man. J Clin Invest. 1968 Jul;47(7):1672-84.
Jiang X, Chen D, Lou Y, Li Z Risk factors for postoperative delirium after spine surgery in middle- and old-aged patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017 Oct;29(5):1039-1044. doi: 10.1007/s40520-016-0640-4. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
KETY SS, KING BD, HORVATH SM, JEFFERS WS, HAFKENSCHIEL JH The effects of an acute reduction in blood pressure by means of differential spinal sympathetic block on the cerebral circulation of hypertensive patients. J Clin Invest. 1950 Apr;29(4):402-7.
LASSEN NA Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev. 1959 Apr;39(2):183-238.
Li S, Hoskins PR, Anderson T, McDicken WN Measurement of mean velocity during pulsatile flow using time-averaged maximum frequency of Doppler ultrasound waveforms. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1993;19(2):105-13.
Lin R, Zhang F, Xue Q, Yu B Accuracy of regional cerebral oxygen saturation in predicting postoperative cognitive dysfunction after total hip arthroplasty: regional cerebral oxygen saturation predicts POCD. J Arthroplasty. 2013 Mar;28(3):494-7. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2012.06.041. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
Lin S, McKenna SJ, Yao CF, Chen YR, Chen C Effects of Hypotensive Anesthesia on Reducing Intraoperative Blood Loss, Duration of Operation, and Quality of Surgical Field During Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;75(1):73-86. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.07.012. Epub 2016 Jul 25. Review.
Olesen J, Paulson OB, Lassen NA Regional cerebral blood flow in man determined by the initial slope of the clearance of intra-arterially injected 133Xe. Stroke. 1971 Nov-Dec;2(6):519-40.
Olesen J The effect of intracarotid epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin on the regional cerebral blood flow in man. Neurology. 1972 Sep;22(9):978-87.
Olesen ND, Sørensen H, Ambrus R, Svendsen LB, Lund A, Secher NH A mesenteric traction syndrome affects near-infrared spectroscopy evaluated cerebral oxygenation because skin blood flow increases. J Clin Monit Comput. 2018 Apr;32(2):261-268. doi: 10.1007/s10877-017-0014-2. Epub 2017 Mar 14.
Panerai RB Assessment of cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans--a review of measurement methods. Physiol Meas. 1998 Aug;19(3):305-38. Review.
Patti R, Saitta M, Cusumano G, Termine G, Di Vita G Risk factors for postoperative delirium after colorectal surgery for carcinoma. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2011 Dec;15(5):519-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Feb 17.
Siepe M, Pfeiffer T, Gieringer A, Zemann S, Benk C, Schlensak C, Beyersdorf F Increased systemic perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with less early postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011 Jul;40(1):200-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.11.024. Epub 2010 Dec 18.
Song XX, Yu BW Anesthetic effects of propofol in the healthy human brain: functional imaging evidence. J Anesth. 2015 Apr;29(2):279-88. doi: 10.1007/s00540-014-1889-4. Epub 2014 Jul 24. Review.
Strandgaard S Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients. The modifying influence of prolonged antihypertensive treatment on the tolerance to acute, drug-induced hypotension. Circulation. 1976 Apr;53(4):720-7.
Thomas KN, Lewis NC, Hill BG, Ainslie PN Technical recommendations for the use of carotid duplex ultrasound for the assessment of extracranial blood flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Oct;309(7):R707-20. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2015. Epub 2015 Jul 8. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.