Analgesia — Effect of Reflexology on Pain Management in Newborns
Citation(s)
Benoit B, Martin-Misener R, Latimer M, Campbell-Yeo M Breast-Feeding Analgesia in Infants: An Update on the Current State of Evidence. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2017 Apr/Jun;31(2):145-159. doi: 10.1097/JPN.0000000000000253. Review.
Hall RW, Anand KJ Pain management in newborns. Clin Perinatol. 2014 Dec;41(4):895-924. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.010. Epub 2014 Oct 7. Review.
Huang RR, Xie RH, Wen SW, Chen SL, She Q, Liu YN, Harrison D Sweet Solutions for Analgesia in Neonates in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Can J Nurs Res. 2019 Jun;51(2):116-127. doi: 10.1177/0844562118803756. Epub 2018 Nov 22.
Yilmaz D, Yilmaz Kurt F The effect of foot reflexology on procedural pain before heel lancing in neonates. Arch Pediatr. 2021 May;28(4):278-284. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.02.015. Epub 2021 Mar 11.
The Effect of Reflexology on Pain Management in Newborns: A Randomized-Controlled Clinical Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
