Analgesia, Epidural — Epidural Analgesia During Labour
Citation(s)
Capogna G, Camorcia M, Stirparo S, Farcomeni A Programmed intermittent epidural bolus versus continuous epidural infusion for labor analgesia: the effects on maternal motor function and labor outcome. A randomized double-blind study in nulliparous women.
Chua SM, Sia AT Automated intermittent epidural boluses improve analgesia induced by intrathecal fentanyl during labour. Can J Anaesth. 2004 Jun-Jul;51(6):581-5.
Eriksen LM, Nohr EA, Kjaergaard H Mode of delivery after epidural analgesia in a cohort of low-risk nulliparas. Birth. 2011 Dec;38(4):317-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2011.00486.x. Epub 2011 Sep 6.
George RB, Allen TK, Habib AS Intermittent epidural bolus compared with continuous epidural infusions for labor analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):133-44. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182713b26. Epub 2012 Dec 7. Re
Lin Y, Li Q, Liu J, Yang R, Liu J Comparison of continuous epidural infusion and programmed intermittent epidural bolus in labor analgesia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 Jul 14;12:1107-12. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S106021. eCollection 2016.
Melzack R The myth of painless childbirth (the John J. Bonica lecture). Pain. 1984 Aug;19(4):321-37. Review.
Patel RR, Peters TJ, Murphy DJ; ALSPAC Study Team Prenatal risk factors for Caesarean section. Analyses of the ALSPAC cohort of 12,944 women in England. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr;34(2):353-67. Epub 2005 Jan 19.
Epidural Analgesia During Labour Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia Versus Patient Intermittent Epidural Boluses With Levobupivacaine
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
