Devaraj B, Khabassi S, Cosman BC Recent smoking is a risk factor for anal abscess and fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Jun;54(6):681-5. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31820e7c7a.
Hamadani A, Haigh PI, Liu IL, Abbas MA Who is at risk for developing chronic anal fistula or recurrent anal sepsis after initial perianal abscess? Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Feb;52(2):217-21. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31819a5c52.
Hämäläinen KP, Sainio AP Incidence of fistulas after drainage of acute anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1357-61; discussion 1361-2.
Isbister WH A simple method for the management of anorectal abscess. Aust N Z J Surg. 1987 Oct;57(10):771-4.
Kronborg O, Olsen H Incision and drainage v. incision, curettage and suture under antibiotic cover in anorectal abscess. A randomized study with 3-year follow-up. Acta Chir Scand. 1984;150(8):689-92.
Kyle S, Isbister WH Management of anorectal abscesses: comparison between traditional incision and packing and de Pezzer catheter drainage. Aust N Z J Surg. 1990 Feb;60(2):129-31.
Lohsiriwat V, Yodying H, Lohsiriwat D Incidence and factors influencing the development of fistula-in-ano after incision and drainage of perianal abscesses. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Jan;93(1):61-5.
Malik AI, Nelson RL, Tou S Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD006827. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006827.pub2. Review.
Vasilevsky CA, Gordon PH The incidence of recurrent abscesses or fistula-in-ano following anorectal suppuration. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984 Feb;27(2):126-30.
Aspiration or Surgical Drainage of Perianal Abscess. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
