Amputation — Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Study (TMR)
Citation(s)
Bowen JB, Ruter D, Wee C, West J, Valerio IL Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Technique in Below-Knee Amputation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Jan;143(1):309-312. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005133.
Bowen JB, Wee CE, Kalik J, Valerio IL Targeted Muscle Reinnervation to Improve Pain, Prosthetic Tolerance, and Bioprosthetic Outcomes in the Amputee. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2017 Aug 1;6(8):261-267. doi: 10.1089/wound.2016.0717.
Chang BL, Mondshine J, Attinger CE, Kleiber GM Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Improves Pain and Ambulation Outcomes in Highly Comorbid Amputees. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Aug 1;148(2):376-386. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000008153.
Kuiken TA, Dumanian GA, Lipschutz RD, Miller LA, Stubblefield KA The use of targeted muscle reinnervation for improved myoelectric prosthesis control in a bilateral shoulder disarticulation amputee. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2004 Dec;28(3):245-53. doi: 10.3109/03093640409167756.
Valerio I, Schulz SA, West J, Westenberg RF, Eberlin KR Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Combined with a Vascularized Pedicled Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020 Mar 25;8(3):e2689. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000002689. eCollection 2020 Mar.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
