Amblyopia — New Visual Acuity and Crowding Tests for Better Detection of Amblyopia
Citation(s)
Chung ST, Li RW, Levi DM Crowding between first- and second-order letter stimuli in normal foveal and peripheral vision. J Vis. 2007 Mar 9;7(2):10.1-13. doi: 10.1167/7.2.10.
Chung ST, Li RW, Levi DM Crowding between first- and second-order letters in amblyopia. Vision Res. 2008 Mar;48(6):788-98. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.12.011. Epub 2008 Jan 31.
Danilova MV, Bondarko VM Foveal contour interactions and crowding effects at the resolution limit of the visual system. J Vis. 2007 Nov 27;7(2):25.1-18. doi: 10.1167/7.2.25.
Formankiewicz MA, Waugh SJ The effects of blur and eccentric viewing on adult acuity for pediatric tests: implications for amblyopia detection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Oct 23;54(10):6934-43. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12543.
Hairol MI, Formankiewicz MA, Waugh SJ Foveal visual acuity is worse and shows stronger contour interaction effects for contrast-modulated than luminance-modulated Cs. Vis Neurosci. 2013 May;30(3):105-20. doi: 10.1017/S0952523813000102. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Huurneman B, Boonstra FN, Cox RF, Cillessen AH, van Rens G A systematic review on 'Foveal Crowding' in visually impaired children and perceptual learning as a method to reduce Crowding. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul 23;12:27. doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-27. Review.
Lalor SJH, Formankiewicz MA, Waugh SJ Crowding and visual acuity measured in adults using paediatric test letters, pictures and symbols. Vision Res. 2016 Apr;121:31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.01.007. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
Siderov J, Waugh SJ, Bedell HE Foveal contour interaction for low contrast acuity targets. Vision Res. 2013 Jan 25;77:10-3. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.11.008. Epub 2012 Nov 29.
Song S, Levi DM, Pelli DG A double dissociation of the acuity and crowding limits to letter identification, and the promise of improved visual screening. J Vis. 2014 May 5;14(5):3. doi: 10.1167/14.5.3.
Wong EH, Levi DM, McGraw PV Is second-order spatial loss in amblyopia explained by the loss of first-order spatial input? Vision Res. 2001 Oct;41(23):2951-60.
Wong EH, Levi DM, McGraw PV Spatial interactions reveal inhibitory cortical networks in human amblyopia. Vision Res. 2005 Oct;45(21):2810-9.
Examination of New Visual Acuity and Clinical Crowding Tests for Better Detection of Amblyopia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
