Bialystok E, Craik FI, Freedman M Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2007 Jan 28;45(2):459-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009. Epub 2006 Nov 27.
Grasso SM, Shuster KM, Henry ML Comparing the effects of clinician and caregiver-administered lexical retrieval training for progressive anomia. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019 Jul;29(6):866-895. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1339358. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
Klimova B, Maresova P, Valis M, Hort J, Kuca K Alzheimer's disease and language impairments: social intervention and medical treatment. Clin Interv Aging. 2015 Aug 27;10:1401-7. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S89714. eCollection 2015.
Mesulam MM Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Ann Neurol. 1982 Jun;11(6):592-8. doi: 10.1002/ana.410110607.
Montembeault M, Brambati SM, Gorno-Tempini ML, Migliaccio R Clinical, Anatomical, and Pathological Features in the Three Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Review. Front Neurol. 2018 Aug 21;9:692. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00692. eCollection 2018.
Szatloczki G, Hoffmann I, Vincze V, Kalman J, Pakaski M Speaking in Alzheimer's Disease, is That an Early Sign? Importance of Changes in Language Abilities in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015 Oct 20;7:195. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00195. eCollection 2015.
Cognitive Reserve and Linguistic Resilience in Bilingual Hispanics With Primary Progressive Aphasia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
