Alopecia Areata — Topical Pentoxifylline; Metformin Versus Betamethasone in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata.
Citation(s)
Araoye EF, Thomas JAL, Aguh CU Hair regrowth in 2 patients with recalcitrant central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia after use of topical metformin. JAAD Case Rep. 2020 Jan 22;6(2):106-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.12.008. eCollection 2020 Feb. No abstract available.
El-Taweel AI, Akl EM Intralesional pentoxifylline injection in localized alopecia areata. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Apr;18(2):602-607. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12796. Epub 2018 Oct 9.
Islam N, Leung PS, Huntley AC, Gershwin ME The autoimmune basis of alopecia areata: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Feb;14(2):81-9. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.014. Epub 2014 Oct 12.
Mirzoyev SA, Schrum AG, Davis MDP, Torgerson RR Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990-2009. J Invest Dermatol. 2014 Apr;134(4):1141-1142. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.464. Epub 2013 Nov 11. No abstract available.
Speirs C, Williams JJL, Riches K, Salt IP, Palmer TM Linking energy sensing to suppression of JAK-STAT signalling: A potential route for repurposing AMPK activators? Pharmacol Res. 2018 Feb;128:88-100. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 13.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
