Dulloo AG, Miller DS Energy balance following sympathetic denervation of brown adipose tissue. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1984 Feb;62(2):235-40. doi: 10.1139/y84-035.
Graja A, Schulz TJ Mechanisms of aging-related impairment of brown adipocyte development and function. Gerontology. 2015;61(3):211-7. doi: 10.1159/000366557. Epub 2014 Dec 20.
Guerra C, Koza RA, Yamashita H, Walsh K, Kozak LP Emergence of brown adipocytes in white fat in mice is under genetic control. Effects on body weight and adiposity. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 15;102(2):412-20. doi: 10.1172/JCI3155.
Gunawardana SC, Piston DW Reversal of type 1 diabetes in mice by brown adipose tissue transplant. Diabetes. 2012 Mar;61(3):674-82. doi: 10.2337/db11-0510. Epub 2012 Feb 7.
Kalyani RR, Egan JM Diabetes and altered glucose metabolism with aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013 Jun;42(2):333-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.010. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
Yazdanyar A, Newman AB The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009 Nov;25(4):563-77, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007.
BAT as a Therapeutic for the Metabolic and Cardiac Dysfunction With Senescence Pilot
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.