Aging — Passive Mobilization and Vascular Function
Citation(s)
Ghiadoni L, Salvetti M, Muiesan ML, Taddei S Evaluation of endothelial function by flow mediated dilation: methodological issues and clinical importance. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015 Mar;22(1):17-22. doi: 10.1007/s40292-014-0047-2. Epub 2014 Mar 12. Review.
Groot HJ, Trinity JD, Layec G, Rossman MJ, Ives SJ, Richardson RS Perfusion pressure and movement-induced hyperemia: evidence of limited vascular function and vasodilatory reserve with age. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013 Feb 15;304(4):H610-9. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00656.2012. Epub 2012 Dec 21.
Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J Endothelial dysfunction: cardiovascular risk factors, therapy, and outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1(3):183-98. Review.
Venturelli M, Layec G, Trinity J, Hart CR, Broxterman RM, Richardson RS Single passive leg movement-induced hyperemia: a simple vascular function assessment without a chronotropic response. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Jan 1;122(1):28-37. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00806.2016. Epub 2016 Nov 10.
Effectiveness of Passive Mobilization on Vascular Function of Bedridden Oldest Old
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
