Aging — Preparing Older Veterans With Serious and Chronic Illness for Decision Making
Citation(s)
Allison TA, Sudore RL Disregard of patients' preferences is a medical error: comment on "Failure to engage hospitalized elderly patients and their families in advance care planning". JAMA Intern Med. 2013 May 13;173(9):787. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.201
McMahan RD, Knight SJ, Fried TR, Sudore RL Advance care planning beyond advance directives: perspectives from patients and surrogates. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013 Sep;46(3):355-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.09.006. Epub 2012 Nov 27.
Su CT, McMahan RD, Williams BA, Sharma RK, Sudore RL Family matters: effects of birth order, culture, and family dynamics on surrogate decision-making. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Jan;62(1):175-82. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12610. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
Sudore R, Le GM, McMahan R, Feuz M, Katen M, Barnes DE The advance care planning PREPARE study among older Veterans with serious and chronic illness: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015 Dec 12;16:570. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-10
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
