Aging — Sex Hormones and Atherosclerosis Prevention in Perimenopausal Women
Citation(s)
Eskurza I, Monahan KD, Robinson JA, Seals DR Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing. J Physiol. 2004 Apr 1;556(Pt 1):315-24. Epub 2004 Jan 30. Erratum in: J Physiol. 2004 May 1;556(Pt 3):1014.
Moreau KL, Donato AJ, Seals DR, DeSouza CA, Tanaka H Regular exercise, hormone replacement therapy and the age-related decline in carotid arterial compliance in healthy women. Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Mar;57(3):861-8.
Moreau KL, Gavin KM, Plum AE, Seals DR Ascorbic acid selectively improves large elastic artery compliance in postmenopausal women. Hypertension. 2005 Jun;45(6):1107-12. Epub 2005 May 2.
Moreau KL, Hildreth KL, Meditz AL, Deane KD, Kohrt WM Endothelial function is impaired across the stages of the menopause transition in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4692-700. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-2244. Epub 2012 Sep 11.
Moreau KL, Meditz A, Deane KD, Kohrt WM Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelial function and decreases arterial stiffness in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Mar 1;302(5):H1211-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01065.2011. Epub 2012 Jan 13.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
