Aging — PPV: Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Older Adults
Citation(s)
Hedlund J, Ortqvist A, Konradsen HB, Kalin M Recurrence of pneumonia in relation to the antibody response after pneumococcal vaccination in middle-aged and elderly adults. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32(3):281-6.
Hilleman MR, Carlson AJ Jr, McLean AA, Vella PP, Weibel RE, Woodhour AF Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine: age and dose responses, safety, persistence of antibody, revaccination, and simultaneous administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Mar-Apr;3 Suppl:S31-42. Review.
Musher DM, Luchi MJ, Watson DA, Hamilton R, Baughn RE Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in young adults and older bronchitics: determination of IgG responses by ELISA and the effect of adsorption of serum with non-type-specific cell wall polysaccharide. J Infect Dis. 1990 Apr;161(4):728-35.
Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Vaccination and Revaccination in Older Adults
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
