Barnes JN, Taylor JL, Kluck BN, Johnson CP, Joyner MJ Cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with maximal aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 May 15;114(10):1383-7. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01258.2012. Epub 2013 Mar 7
Coetsee C, Terblanche E The effect of three different exercise training modalities on cognitive and physical function in a healthy older population. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2017 Aug 10;14:13. doi: 10.1186/s11556-017-0183-5. eCollection 2017.
Coverdale NS, Lalande S, Perrotta A, Shoemaker JK Heterogeneous patterns of vasoreactivity in the middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 May 1;308(9):H1030-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00761.2014. Epub 2015 Feb 2
Jones RD, Hugh Jones T, Channer KS The influence of testosterone upon vascular reactivity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;151(1):29-37. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1510029.
Jones-Muhammad M, Warrington JP Redefining the cerebral autoregulatory range of blood pressures: Not as wide as previously reported. Physiol Rep. 2021 Sep;9(17):e15006. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15006.
Keating CJ, Parraga Montilla JA, Latorre Roman PA, Moreno Del Castillo R Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Aging Phys Act. 2020 Apr 16;28(5):798-807. doi: 10.1123/japa.2019-0111. Print 2020 Oct 1.
Lie SL, Hisdal J, Hoiseth LO Cerebral blood flow velocity during simultaneous changes in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output in healthy volunteers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Aug;121(8):2207-2217. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04693-6. Epub 2021 Apr 22.
Loe H, Rognmo O, Saltin B, Wisloff U Aerobic capacity reference data in 3816 healthy men and women 20-90 years. PLoS One. 2013 May 15;8(5):e64319. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064319. Print 2013. Erratum In: PLoS One. 2013;8(11). doi:10.1371/annotation/e3115a8e-ca9d-4d33-87ef-f355f07db28e.
Moraine JJ, Lamotte M, Berre J, Niset G, Leduc A, Naeije R Relationship of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity to intensity during dynamic exercise in normal subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;67(1):35-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00377701.
Ogoh S Relationship between cognitive function and regulation of cerebral blood flow. J Physiol Sci. 2017 May;67(3):345-351. doi: 10.1007/s12576-017-0525-0. Epub 2017 Feb 3.
Smith KJ, Ainslie PN Regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2017 Nov 1;102(11):1356-1371. doi: 10.1113/EP086249. Epub 2017 Sep 30.
Thudium M, Heinze I, Ellerkmann RK, Hilbert T Cerebral Function and Perfusion during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Plea for a Multimodal Monitoring Approach. Heart Surg Forum. 2018 Jan 31;21(1):E028-E035. doi: 10.1532/hsf.1894.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.