Aged — Development of a Pharmacodynamic Model for Propofol in Older Adults
Citation(s)
Andres TM, McGrane T, McEvoy MD, Allen BFS Geriatric Pharmacology: An Update. Anesthesiol Clin. 2019 Sep;37(3):475-492. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2019.04.007. Epub 2019 Jun 19.
Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. No abstract available.
Eleveld DJ, Colin P, Absalom AR, Struys MMRF Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for propofol for broad application in anaesthesia and sedation. Br J Anaesth. 2018 May;120(5):942-959. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.018. Epub 2018 Mar 12. Erratum In: Br J Anaesth. 2018 Aug;121(2):519.
Kim MC, Fricchione GL, Brown EN, Akeju O Role of electroencephalogram oscillations and the spectrogram in monitoring anaesthesia. BJA Educ. 2020 May;20(5):166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2020.01.004. Epub 2020 Feb 20. No abstract available. Erratum In: BJA Educ. 2020 Jul;20(7):249.
Purdon PL, Sampson A, Pavone KJ, Brown EN Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and Basic Signatures. Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct;123(4):937-60. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000841.
Roy RC Choosing general versus regional anesthesia for the elderly. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2000 Mar;18(1):91-104, vii. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8537(05)70151-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
