Adults — Biomarker-estimated Flavanol Intake in Davis (FID)
Citation(s)
Bai W, Wang C, Ren C Intakes of total and individual flavonoids by US adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Feb;65(1):9-20. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.832170. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Bhagwat, S and Haytowitz, D.B. (2015). USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2015). Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1324621.
Bhagwat, S and Haytowitz, D.B. (2016). USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods. Release 3.2 (November 2015). Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1324465.
Kuhnle GGC Nutrition epidemiology of flavan-3-ols: The known unknowns. Mol Aspects Med. 2018 Jun;61:2-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.10.003. Epub 2017 Nov 16.
Wang Y, Chung SJ, Song WO, Chun OK Estimation of daily proanthocyanidin intake and major food sources in the U.S. diet. J Nutr. 2011 Mar;141(3):447-52. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.133900. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
Flavanol Intake in Davis (FID) Study: Biomarker-estimated Habitual (-)-Epicatechin and Flavanol Intake in Adults
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.