Acute Myocardial Infarction — Effect of the Biomarker Copeptin in Managing Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Citation(s)
Giannitsis E, Kehayova T, Vafaie M, Katus HA Combined testing of high-sensitivity troponin T and copeptin on presentation at prespecified cutoffs improves rapid rule-out of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2011 Oct;57(10):1452-5. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.161265. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
Itoi K, Jiang YQ, Iwasaki Y, Watson SJ Regulatory mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004 Apr;16(4):348-55. Review.
Möckel M, Müller R, Vollert J, Müller C, Danne O, Gareis R, Störk T, Dietz R, Koenig W Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 for early risk stratification in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a multi-marker approach: the North Wuerttemberg and Berlin Infarction Study-II (NOBIS-II). Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Sep;96(9):604-12. Epub 2007 Jun 27.
Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A Assay for the measurement of copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the precursor of vasopressin. Clin Chem. 2006 Jan;52(1):112-9. Epub 2005 Nov 3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
