Andreoli SP Acute kidney injury in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Feb;24(2):253-63. doi: 10.1007/s00467-008-1074-9. Epub 2008 Dec 13. Review.
Askenazi DJ, Ambalavanan N, Goldstein SL Acute kidney injury in critically ill newborns: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Feb;24(2):265-74. doi: 10.1007/s00467-008-1060-2. Epub 2008 Dec 10. Review.
Askenazi DJ, Griffin R, McGwin G, Carlo W, Ambalavanan N Acute kidney injury is independently associated with mortality in very low birthweight infants: a matched case-control analysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 May;24(5):991-7. doi: 10.1007/s00467-009-1133-x. Epub 2009 Feb 24.
Bakr AF Prophylactic theophylline to prevent renal dysfunction in newborns exposed to perinatal asphyxia--a study in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005 Sep;20(9):1249-52. Epub 2005 Jun 10.
Bhat MA, Shah ZA, Makhdoomi MS, Mufti MH Theophylline for renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2006 Aug;149(2):180-4.
Lee HT, Xu H, Nasr SH, Schnermann J, Emala CW A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice exhibit increased renal injury following ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Feb;286(2):F298-306. Epub 2003 Nov 4.
Mangione F, Calcaterra V, Esposito C, Dal Canton A Renal blood flow redistribution during acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Oct;56(4):785-7. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.035. Epub 2010 Jun 26.
Stapleton FB, Jones DP, Green RS Acute renal failure in neonates: incidence, etiology and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol. 1987 Jul;1(3):314-20. Review.
Voors AA, Dittrich HC, Massie BM, DeLucca P, Mansoor GA, Metra M, Cotter G, Weatherley BD, Ponikowski P, Teerlink JR, Cleland JG, O'Connor CM, Givertz MM Effects of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist rolofylline on renal function in patients with acute heart failure and renal dysfunction: results from PROTECT (Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study of the Selective Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonist Rolofylline for Patients Hospitalized with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload to Assess Treatment Effect on Congestion and Renal Function). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 May 10;57(19):1899-907. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.057.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
