Acute Coronary Syndrome — Pre-hospital ECG in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Citation(s)
19 MRC. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. 2006. Accessed at https://www.mrc.ac.uk/documents/pdf/complex-interventions-guidance/ June 2017.
Cioffi J A study of the use of past experiences in clinical decision making in emergency situations. Int J Nurs Stud. 2001 Oct;38(5):591-9.
Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung. 2011 Nov-Dec;40(6):477-91. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001. Review.
Glasgow RE, Vogt TM, Boles SM Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health. 1999 Sep;89(9):1322-7. Review.
Hall KH Reviewing intuitive decision-making and uncertainty: the implications for medical education. Med Educ. 2002 Mar;36(3):216-24. Review.
Heaton J, Day J, Britten N Collaborative research and the co-production of knowledge for practice: an illustrative case study. Implement Sci. 2016 Feb 20;11:20. doi: 10.1186/s13012-016-0383-9.
Kaji AH, Schriger D, Green S Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Sep;64(3):292-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.03.025. Epub 2014 Apr 18.
O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, Ghaemmaghami CA, Menon V, Welsford M, Shuster M Part 9: Acute Coronary Syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 Suppl 2):S483-500. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000263. Review.
Snooks HA, Kearsley N, Dale J, Halter M, Redhead J, Foster J Gaps between policy, protocols and practice: a qualitative study of the views and practice of emergency ambulance staff concerning the care of patients with non-urgent needs. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005 Aug;14(4):251-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.