SCHEIE HG Evaluation of ophthalmoscopic changes of hypertension and arteriolar sclerosis. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1953 Feb;49(2):117-38.
Sellke FW, Armstrong ML, Harrison DG Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation is abnormal in the coronary microcirculation of atherosclerotic primates. Circulation. 1990 May;81(5):1586-93.
Shah A, Gnoj J, Fisher VJ Complications of selective coronary arteriography by the Judkins technique and their prevention. Am Heart J. 1975 Sep;90(3):353-9.
Tedeschi-Reiner E, Strozzi M, Skoric B, Reiner Z Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 15;96(8):1107-9. Epub 2005 Aug 29.
Wang DZ, Tang Q, Hua Q Prediction of coronary artery disease using pulse wave velocity and retinal artery lesions. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;225(1):17-22.
Wu Y, Li S, Zu X, Du J, Wang F Changes of central retinal artery blood flow and endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Eye Res. 2007 Sep;32(9):813-7.
Retinal Artery Lesions to Predict Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
