Accidental Fall — Effectiveness of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Citation(s)
Bonini G, Pezzotta G, Morzenti C, Agazzi R, Nani R Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Ultrasound. 2007 Jun;10(2):99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jus.2007.02.008. Epub 2007 Jun 13.
Carter KW, Moulton SL Pediatric abdominal injury patterns caused by "falls": A comparison between nonaccidental and accidental trauma. J Pediatr Surg. 2016 Feb;51(2):326-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.056. Epub 2015 Oct 31.
Laugesen NG, Nolsoe CP, Rosenberg J Clinical Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Pediatric Work-Up of Focal Liver Lesions and Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A Systematic Review. Ultrasound Int Open. 2017 Feb;3(1):E2-E7. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-124502.
Lutz N, Nance ML, Kallan MJ, Arbogast KB, Durbin DR, Winston FK Incidence and clinical significance of abdominal wall bruising in restrained children involved in motor vehicle crashes. J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Jun;39(6):972-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.02.029.
Manetta R, Pistoia ML, Bultrini C, Stavroulis E, Di Cesare E, Masciocchi C Ultrasound enhanced with sulphur-hexafluoride-filled microbubbles agent (SonoVue) in the follow-up of mild liver and spleen trauma. Radiol Med. 2009 Aug;114(5):771-9. doi: 10.1007/s11547-009-0406-6. Epub 2009 May 30. English, Italian.
Menichini G, Sessa B, Trinci M, Galluzzo M, Miele V Accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the identification and characterization of traumatic solid organ lesions in children: a retrospective comparison with baseline US and CE-MDCT. Radiol Med. 2015 Nov;120(11):989-1001. doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0535-z. Epub 2015 Mar 31.
Oldenburg A, Hohmann J, Skrok J, Albrecht T Imaging of paediatric splenic injury with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2004 Apr;34(4):351-4. doi: 10.1007/s00247-003-1092-5. Epub 2003 Dec 2.
Rafailidis V, Deganello A, Watson T, Sidhu PS, Sellars ME Enhancing the role of paediatric ultrasound with microbubbles: a review of intravenous applications. Br J Radiol. 2017 Jan;90(1069):20160556. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160556. Epub 2016 Sep 26.
Riccabona M Application of a second-generation US contrast agent in infants and children--a European questionnaire-based survey. Pediatr Radiol. 2012 Dec;42(12):1471-80. doi: 10.1007/s00247-012-2472-5. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
Rothrock SG, Green SM, Morgan R Abdominal trauma in infants and children: prompt identification and early management of serious and life-threatening injuries. Part I: injury patterns and initial assessment. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000 Apr;16(2):106-15. doi: 10.1097/00006565-200004000-00012.
Stenzel M Intravenous contrast-enhanced sonography in children and adolescents - a single center experience. J Ultrason. 2013 Jun;13(53):133-44. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2013.0014. Epub 2013 Jun 30.
Thorelius L Emergency real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detection of solid organ injuries. Eur Radiol. 2007 Dec;17 Suppl 6:F107-11. doi: 10.1007/s10406-007-0235-4.
Trout AT, Strouse PJ, Mohr BA, Khalatbari S, Myles JD Abdominal and pelvic CT in cases of suspected abuse: can clinical and laboratory findings guide its use? Pediatr Radiol. 2011 Jan;41(1):92-8. doi: 10.1007/s00247-010-1847-8. Epub 2010 Oct 9.
Wood J, Rubin DM, Nance ML, Christian CW Distinguishing inflicted versus accidental abdominal injuries in young children. J Trauma. 2005 Nov;59(5):1203-8. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000196437.07011.b1.
Yusuf GT, Sellars ME, Deganello A, Cosgrove DO, Sidhu PS Retrospective Analysis of the Safety and Cost Implications of Pediatric Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound at a Single Center. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017 Feb;208(2):446-452. doi: 10.2214/AJR.16.16700. Epub 2016 Dec 13.
Clinical Effectiveness of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Blunt Abdominal Trauma in Young Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.