Work of Breathing Clinical Trial
Official title:
Impact of Gas Masks on Index of Efforts and Breathing Pattern
Background: The gas mask is used to protect military and non-military subjects exposed to respiratory hazards (CBRN agents). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the gas mask on respiratory patterns and indexes of the respiratory effort. Methods: We are completing our study with 14 healthy subjects to evaluate breathing patterns, index of respiratory efforts and blood gases. Seven conditions have been tested in a randomized order: at rest, during effort (on a tread mill, standardized at 7 METs for all subjects) and during induced hypoxemia with and without a mask (C4, Airboss Defence, Bromont, Canada). Airway pressure, inspiratory and expiratory flows were measured. An esophageal catheter was introduced at the beginning of the study to measure esophageal pressure (Peso) and calculate indexes of respiratory effort (PTPeso, WOB). SpO2 was continuously measured and capillary blood bases were drawn at the end of each condition. Each condition lasted 10 minutes, data of the last 2 minutes at a steady state were considered for analyses. Results: The preliminary analyses based on 10 subjects are presented here. Comparing the wearing of the gas mask and without, most of the respiratory index increased in the tested conditions (at rest, during induced hypoxemia and during effort). At rest, in 8 out of 10 healthy subject the indexes of effort were higher with the gas mask, a statistical trend was observed with the WOB (0.22±0.13 vs. 0.28±0.10 J/cycle; p = 0.059), the PTPes (101±35 vs. 122±47 cmH2O*s; p=0.21) and SwingPeso (4.4±2.0 vs. 5.3±2.0 cmH2O; p=0.13). During the effort, the respiratory index increased (WOB 4.0±2.6 vs. 5.6±3.2; p=0.10; PTPeso 406±211 vs. 606±65; p=0.04; SwingPeso 14.8±8.1 vs. 21.8±9.0; p=0.13). There was no difference for the breathing pattern and arterial blood gases data with and without mask. Data for induced hypoxemia are under analysis. We measured on bench the inspiratory and expiratory resistances of the tested gas mask (C4: inspiratory resistances = 3.2 cmH2O at 1 L/sec; expiratory resistances = 0.9 cmH2O at 1 L/sec). This may explain in part the increased work of breathing with masks. Conclusions: This study demonstrated an increase of the indexes of respiratory effort during an exercise with the gas mask. This study is the first to directly assess the indexes of efforts with esophageal pressure in this situation. Our results and method may be used as a reference for evaluating tolerance with different designs of gas masks.
The principal way of penetration of CBRNE agents is the respiratory system. The current
technology of a gas mask has been used to protect the respiratory system as far back as the
First World War. That originated from Dr Cluny Macpherson's initiatives whom was a Canadian
military physician.
The military gas mask is part of the respirator classification but owes its specific
features. Conventionally, the military gas mask covers a large spectrum of protection
aspects and matched with their specific canisters. Consequently, gas masks are usually
studied separately from other respirators and Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SBCA).
The gas mask design and its components may lead to these respiratory load issues. At rest
and effort, what would be the impacts for the work of breathing and gas exchange? In order
to avoid hypoxemia and hyperoxia, what would be the optimal means to restore proper
oxygenation? We hypothesised: i. on a heightened WOB and the respiratory demands related to
wear of the gas mask; ii. An occurrence of hypoxemia will be manifesting during a continuous
period at both at rest and effort.
Our goal was to measure the impact of the work of breathing and the gas exchange for a gas
mask user. We also measured what was the optimal means for correcting the hypoxemia with a
subject.
14 Male Human Subjects participated in a comparison and single-blind randomized experimental
study. That was approved by the Ethical Review Committee. All male subjects were in averaged
age of 38.9±5 year old and a FEV1 4.60±0.70 Liter. A written consent was obtained for all
the subjects prior their acceptance. No rejection happened during the recruiting. The
eligibility criteria were: i. No significant cardiac and respiratory diseases known; ii. No
epilepsy background; iii. No severe pathology requiring medication; iv. No pregnancy for
woman; v. Face medium - size in relation of the gas mask. The exclusion criteria were: i.
Refusals relate to wear the oesophageal catheter and for capillary punctures; ii.
Claustrophobia; iii. Oesophageal wounds backgrounds; iv. No coronary background and stroke
history; v. No face morphology incompatibility with the mask. Spirometry and usual health
screening was also done before starting the clinical trial.
Design comprised seven 10-minute testing conditions split in two parts. Five were at rest
and sitting on a chair: i. Baseline without gas mask; ii. Baseline with gas mask; iii.
Hypoxemia without mask; iv. Hypoxemia with gas mask; and v. Hypoxemia corrected. Two effort
conditions were programmed at 7 METS Effort Zone and were performed on Treadmill (Constant 3
MPH speed and 10% inclination). These were with and without the gas mask. Between the
rest-condition a 5-minute wash-out took place while for the effort a ten-minute was applied.
Three five-minute periods was followed to record blood pressure and pulse during the
conditions. SpO2 was continuously measured with Free O2 during condition while the Massimo
was employed also at the beginning both the inclusion and at the each three hypoxemia
condition (Radical - Signal Extraction Pulse Oximeter). During effort, they were taken at
each two-minute, starting at a zero starting point. Capillary punctures were done at the end
of each condition.
Our main measurements were the WOB performed with a continuous recording of Peso pressure
and respiratory volumes. Software Acknowledge, version 3.9 served as acquisition data system
and analysis were achieved with a 4.2 version and a free-trial WOB calculus system, named
RESPMAT. That was obtained from Maynaud and al. [2]. As power source, we used a BIOPAC
(MP100, Santa Barbara, Californie, USA, 200 Hertz), four differential sensors (Validyne : 1x
MP45±100 cmH2O; 2x MP??±5 cmH2O; 1x MP100±100 cmH2O) and four Carrier D-Modulators
(Validyne, CT-15,120 Volt, 60 Hertz, 5Watts, Model CD15-A-2-A-1).
Single esophageal catheter (Type Cooper, French caliber #5) and disposable pneumotachs were
used. Lidocain spray and K-Y gel were applied during the insertion of the catheter. Its
placement was done at 37.6±5.7 cm across the subject and a Mueller test was performed for
each subject. In regard of spontaneous breathing, an Hudson mask was used while a C-4 Gas
Mask with a canister was employed (Manufacturer: Airboss Defence, Bromont, Canada).
Hypoxemia mixture was home-design with usual nitrous and medical gas and maintaining a FiO2
target at 14%. Prototyped Free O2 System was employed for the correction of the hypoxemia.
;
Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Investigator), Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
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