Collins LM, Dziak JJ, Kugler KC, Trail JB Factorial experiments: efficient tools for evaluation of intervention components. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Oct;47(4):498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.021. Epub 2014 Aug 1.
Collins LM, Kugler KC, Gwadz MV Optimization of Multicomponent Behavioral and Biobehavioral Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2016 Jan;20 Suppl 1(0 1):S197-214. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1145-4.
Collins LM, Murphy SA, Strecher V The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): new methods for more potent eHealth interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2007 May;32(5 Suppl):S112-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.022.
Collins LM, Nahum-Shani I, Almirall D Optimization of behavioral dynamic treatment regimens based on the sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART). Clin Trials. 2014 Aug;11(4):426-434. doi: 10.1177/1740774514536795. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
Hoffman SA, Ledford G, Cameron KA, Phillips SM, Pellegrini CA A qualitative exploration of social and environmental factors affecting diet and activity in knee replacement patients. J Clin Nurs. 2019 Apr;28(7-8):1156-1163. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14719. Epub 2018 Dec 10.
Pellegrini CA, Hoffman SA, Collins LM, Spring B Corrigendum to "Optimization of remotely delivered intensive lifestyle treatment for obesity using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy: Opt-IN study protocol" [Contemp. Clin. Trials 38 (2014) 251-259]. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015 Nov;45(Pt B):468-469. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Nov 29. No abstract available.
Pellegrini CA, Hoffman SA, Collins LM, Spring B Optimization of remotely delivered intensive lifestyle treatment for obesity using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy: Opt-IN study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials. 2014 Jul;38(2):251-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.05.007. Epub 2014 May 17. Erratum In: Contemp Clin Trials. 2015 Nov;45(Pt B):468-469.
Spring B, Pfammatter A, Alshurafa N First Steps Into the Brave New Transdiscipline of Mobile Health. JAMA Cardiol. 2017 Jan 1;2(1):76-78. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4440. No abstract available.
Watkins E, Newbold A, Tester-Jones M, Javaid M, Cadman J, Collins LM, Graham J, Mostazir M Implementing multifactorial psychotherapy research in online virtual environments (IMPROVE-2): study protocol for a phase III trial of the MOST randomized component selection method for internet cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 6;16(1):345. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1054-8.
Welch WA, Spring B, Phillips SM, Siddique J Moderating Effects of Weather-Related Factors on a Physical Activity Intervention. Am J Prev Med. 2018 May;54(5):e83-e89. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.025. Epub 2018 Mar 15.
Opt-IN: Optimization of Remotely Delivered Intensive Lifestyle Treatment for Obesity
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.